Detecting Solar System Analogs through Joint Radial Velocity/Astrometric Surveys

TL;DR

Combining radial velocity and astrometric data from Terra Hunting, Gaia, and Roman telescopes enhances detection and characterization of Earth-like and gas giant exoplanets, aiding the search for Solar System analogs.

Contribution

This study demonstrates the benefits of joint RV and astrometric surveys using upcoming space and ground-based telescopes for exoplanet detection.

Findings

Joint RV and Gaia astrometry can detect Earth-like and gas giants at 10 parsecs.

Roman astrometry significantly improves mass and period estimates for detected exoplanets.

Surveying nearby Sun-like stars can reveal Solar System analogs.

Abstract

Earth-mass exoplanets on year-long orbits and cool gas giants (CGG) on decade-long orbits lie at the edge of current detection limits. The Terra Hunting Experiment (THE) will take nightly radial velocity (RV) observations on HARPS3 of at least 40 bright nearby G and K dwarfs for 10 years, with a target 1$\sigma$ measurement error of $\sim$0.3 m/s, in search of exoplanets that are Earth-like in mass and temperature. However, RV observations can only provide minimum mass estimates, due to the mass-inclination degeneracy. Astrometric observations of these same stars, with sufficient precision, could break this degeneracy. Gaia will soon release $\sim$100-200 astrometric observations of the THE stars with a 10 year baseline and $\sim$34.2 $\mu$as 1$\sigma$ along-scan measurement error. The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will be capable of precision astrometry using its wide field imager (target $\sim$5-20 $\mu$as 1$\sigma$ measurement error for bright stars) and could extend the astrometric observational baseline to $\sim$25 years. We simulate and model an observing program that combines data from these three telescopes. We find that (1) THE RVs and Gaia astrometry can detect Earth-like and CGG-like exoplanets around bright Sun-like stars at 10 parsecs and that (2) adding Roman astrometry improves the detection precision for CGG masses and periods by a factor up to $\sim$10 and $\sim$4, respectively. Such a survey could provide insight into the prevalence of Solar System analogs, exoplanet architectures reminiscent of the mass and orbital separation hierarchy of our Solar System, for the nearest Sun-like stars.