Five methods for determining pattern speeds in galaxies

TL;DR

This paper introduces five novel methods for accurately determining pattern speeds in galaxies, applicable to N-body simulations and observational data, by leveraging invariance properties and linear optimization techniques.

Contribution

The paper develops and compares five new methods for measuring pattern speeds in galaxies, including invariant function, Tremaine-Weinberg, Jacobi integral, moment of inertia, and Fourier approaches.

Findings

Methods effectively measure instantaneous pattern speeds.

Extensions enable calculation of pattern speed acceleration.

Approaches are adaptable to different data qualities and types.

Abstract

Aims. New or refined methods for determining instantaneous scalar and vector pattern speeds from a restricted domain are developed, for applications in N-body simulations or in galaxies. Methods. The general feature used throughout follows from the fact that the time-derivative of a function of the coordinates is linearly proportional to its rotation rate and its particle velocities. Knowing these allow in general to retrieve the instantaneous pattern speed vector by linear optimization. Similarly, if an invariant function depends both on the position and velocities, then its instantaneous rotation vectors in space can be retrieved. Knowing the accelerations allows to find rotation in velocity space. Results. The first 3 methods are based on the assumed rotational invariance of functions at each point in space or velocity space: 1) The 6D invariant function method measuring the pattern speed vectors in space and velocity space, 2) The differential/regional 3D Tremaine-Weinberg method evaluated over high signal to noise ratio regions, 3) The 3D Jacobi integral method yielding the potential pattern speed. Extensions to derive the rotation center position, speed and acceleration are introduced in 1) and 3). The last 2 methods are based on the assumed invariance of average functions of the particle coordinates. 4) The moment of inertia methods by using the derivative of the singular value decomposition, 5) The 2D Fourier method (3D for m = 2 mode) giving the mode rotation speeds. Pattern speed accelerations are also derived in 4) and 5). Conclusions. Depending on the available data, the different methods provide a choice of approaches.