More results on the $z$-chromatic number of graphs

TL;DR

This paper introduces the concept of $z$-coloring, demonstrating its advantages over Grundy and b-colorings, and explores its properties, computational complexity, and differences with other coloring parameters.

Contribution

The paper defines $z$-coloring, proves its superiority over existing colorings, and investigates its properties, including monotonicity, continuity, and computational complexity.

Findings

$z(G)$ can be much larger than $ ext{min}\{ ext{Gamma}(G), ext{b}(G) ext{}$ for certain graphs.

Acyclic graphs are $z$-monotonic and $z$-continuous.

Deciding if $z(G)= ext{Delta}(G)+1$ is NP-complete; recognizing graphs with $z(G)= ext{chi}(G)$ is coNP-complete.

Abstract

By a $z$-coloring of a graph $G$ we mean any proper vertex coloring consisting of the color classes $C_1, \ldots, C_k$ such that $(i)$ for any two colors $i$ and $j$ with $1 \leq i < j \leq k$, any vertex of color $j$ is adjacent to a vertex of color $i$, $(ii)$ there exists a set $\{u_1, \ldots, u_k\}$ of vertices of $G$ such that $u_j \in C_j$ for any $j \in \{1, \ldots, k\}$ and $u_k$ is adjacent to $u_j$ for each $1 \leq j \leq k$ with $j \not=k$, and $(iii)$ for each $i$ and $j$ with $i \not= j$, the vertex $u_j$ has a neighbor in $C_i$. Denote by $z(G)$ the maximum number of colors used in any $z$-coloring of $G$. Denote the Grundy and {\rm b}-chromatic number of $G$ by $\Gamma(G)$ and ${\rm b}(G)$, respectively. The $z$-coloring is an improvement over both the Grundy and b-coloring of graphs. We prove that $z(G)$ is much better than $\min\{\Gamma(G), {\rm b}(G)\}$ for infinitely many graphs $G$ by obtaining an infinite sequence $\{G_n\}_{n=3}^{\infty}$ of graphs such that $z(G_n)=n$ but $\Gamma(G_n)={\rm b}(G_n)=2n-1$ for each $n\geq 3$. We show that acyclic graphs are $z$-monotonic and $z$-continuous. Then it is proved that to decide whether $z(G)=\Delta(G)+1$ is $NP$-complete even for bipartite graphs $G$. We finally prove that to recognize graphs $G$ satisfying $z(G)=\chi(G)$ is $coNP$-complete, improving a previous result for the Grundy number.