Bell inequalities and quantum entanglement in weak gauge bosons production at the LHC and future colliders

TL;DR

This paper investigates quantum entanglement and Bell inequality violations in weak gauge boson production at colliders, proposing methods to detect entanglement through polarization density matrices and analyzing experimental prospects at the LHC and future colliders.

Contribution

It introduces a framework to analyze gauge boson entanglement via polarization density matrices and demonstrates Bell inequality violations in specific collider processes.

Findings

Bell inequality is violated in $H\to Z Z^*$ decays.

Violations occur in high-mass $WW$ and $ZZ$ production near $900$ GeV.

LHC data currently insufficient to confirm violations.

Abstract

Quantum entanglement of weak interaction gauge bosons produced at colliders can be explored by computing the corresponding polarization density matrix. To this end, we consider the Higgs boson decays $H\to W W^*$ and $H\to Z Z^*$, in which $W^*$ and $Z^*$ are off-shell states, and the $WW$, $WZ$ and $ZZ$ di-boson production in proton collisions. The polarization density matrix of the di-boson state is determined by the amplitude of the production process and can be experimentally reconstructed from the angular distribution of the momenta of the final states into which the gauge bosons decay. We show that a suitable instance of the Bell inequality is violated in $H\to Z Z^*$ to a degree that can be tested at the LHC with future data. The same Bell inequality is violated in the production of $WW$ and $ZZ$ boson pairs for invariant masses above 900 GeV and scattering angles close to $\pi/2$ in the center of mass frame. LHC data in this case are not sufficient to establish the violation of the Bell inequality. We also analyze the prospects for detecting Bell inequality violations in di-boson final states at future $e^+e^-$ and muon colliders. A further observable that provides a lower bound on the amount of polarization entanglement in the di-boson system is computed for each of the examined processes. The analytic expressions for the polarization density matrices are presented in full in an Appendix. We also provide the unitary matrices required in the optimization procedure necessary in testing the Bell inequalities.