Generalising Axion-like particle as the curvaton: sourcing primordial density perturbation and non-Gaussianities

TL;DR

This paper explores how an axion-like particle, acting as a curvaton during inflation, can generate primordial density perturbations and non-Gaussianities, with predictions consistent with current observations and detectable in future experiments.

Contribution

It introduces a novel ALP curvaton model with a non-standard potential influenced by dark sector fermions, predicting specific non-Gaussianity signatures.

Findings

ALP can source primordial density perturbations as a curvaton.

Predicted non-Gaussianity parameters are within current observational bounds.

Non-Gaussianity signals depend on the fermion mass ratio, with distinct behaviors for different limits.

Abstract

We investigate the non-perturbatively generated axion-like particle (ALP) potential, involving fermions in the dark sector that couple to the ALP, in an early cosmological inflationary stage with the ALP being a spectator field. The potential here deviates from the standard cosine nature due to the presence of the two fermion masses $m_u$ and $m_d$ which couple to the ALP. The ALP is a spectator field during inflation but it starts to oscillate and dominates the energy density of the universe after inflation ends, thereby sourcing isocurvature perturbations, while standard curvature fluctuations form the inflaton are assumed to be sub-dominant. Subsequently the ALP decays converting the isocurvature perturbations to adiabatic perturbations thereby acting as the origin of the primordial density perturbations. We identify the parameter space involving the axion decay constant $f_a$, scale of confinement $\Lambda$, ALP mass $m$ and the masses of the fermions, $m_u$ and $m_d$ where it can satisfactorily behave as the curvaton and source the observed primordial density perturbation. We also predict local non-Gaussianity signals for bi-spectrum and tri-spectrum $f_{NL}$ and $g_{NL}$, as a function of the ratio $m_u/m_d$, which are within the allowed range in the latest Planck observations and are detectable with future observations. Particularly we observed that the value of $f_{NL}$ and $g_{NL}$ are dependent on the ratio of $m_u$ and $m_d$: $f_{NL}$ is more or less positive for all scenarios except $m_u = m_d$ and $g_{NL}$ is always positive irrespective of the ratio between $m_u$ and $m_d$. The results of our analysis in the limit $m_u = m_d$ resembles vanilla curvaton scenario while in the limit $m_u \gg m_d$ resembles pure axion cosine potential.