Designing Covalent Organic Framework-based Light-driven Microswimmers towards Intraocular Theranostic Applications

TL;DR

This paper introduces light-driven covalent organic framework (COF) microswimmers capable of targeted drug delivery, imaging, and hyperthermia in biological media, with potential intraocular therapeutic applications.

Contribution

It presents novel COF-based microswimmers with efficient visible-light propulsion, biocompatibility, and multifunctionality for biomedical applications, especially intraocular drug delivery and imaging.

Findings

COF microswimmers can be propelled by visible light down to red wavelengths.

They enable targeted drug loading and controlled release in biological media.

They facilitate real-time imaging and hyperthermia using incorporated dyes.

Abstract

Even micromachines with tailored functionalities enable targeted therapeutic applications in biological environments, their controlled motion in biological media and drug delivery functions usually require sophisticated designs and complex propulsion apparatuses for practical applications. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), new chemically versatile and nanoporous materials, offer microscale multi-purpose solutions, which are not explored in light-driven micromachines. We describe and compare two different types of COFs, uniformly spherical TABP-PDA-COF sub-micron particles and texturally highly nanoporous, irregular, micron-sized TpAzo-COF particles as light-driven microrobots. They can be used as highly efficient visible-light-driven drug carriers in aqueous ionic and cellular media, even in intraocular fluids. Their absorption ranging down to red light enables phototaxis even in deeper biological media and the organic nature of COFs enables their biocompatibility. The inherently porous structure with ~2.5 nm structural pores, and large surface areas allow for targeted and efficient drug loading even for insoluble drugs and peptides, which can be released on demand. Also, indocyanine green (ICG) dye loading in the pores enables photoacoustic imaging or optical coherence tomography and hyperthermia in operando conditions. The real-time visualization of the drug-loaded COF microswimmers enables new insights into the function of porous organic micromachines, which will be useful to solve various drug delivery problems.