Smooth Non-Stationary Bandits

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new bandit algorithm tailored for smoothly changing environments, achieving lower regret than previous methods, especially when changes are highly smooth, and validates it with real-world data.

Contribution

It presents the first separation between smooth and non-smooth non-stationary bandit regimes, providing new regret bounds and a practical algorithm for smooth environments.

Findings

Achieved $ ilde O(k^{4/5} T^{3/5})$ regret for 2-H"older functions.

Established minimax regret lower bounds matching upper bounds for $eta=2$.

Validated the approach with real-world click-through rate data.

Abstract

In many applications of online decision making, the environment is non-stationary and it is therefore crucial to use bandit algorithms that handle changes. Most existing approaches are designed to protect against non-smooth changes, constrained only by total variation or Lipschitzness over time. However, in practice, environments often change {\em smoothly}, so such algorithms may incur higher-than-necessary regret. We study a non-stationary bandits problem where each arm's mean reward sequence can be embedded into a $\beta$-H\"older function, i.e., a function that is $(\beta-1)$-times Lipschitz-continuously differentiable. The non-stationarity becomes more smooth as $\beta$ increases. When $\beta=1$, this corresponds to the non-smooth regime, where \cite{besbes2014stochastic} established a minimax regret of $\tilde \Theta(T^{2/3})$. We show the first separation between the smooth (i.e., $\beta\ge 2$) and non-smooth (i.e., $\beta=1$) regimes by presenting a policy with $\tilde O(k^{4/5} T^{3/5})$ regret on any $k$-armed, $2$-H\"older instance. We complement this result by showing that the minimax regret on the $\beta$-H\"older family of instances is $\Omega(T^{(\beta+1)/(2\beta+1)})$ for any integer $\beta\ge 1$. This matches our upper bound for $\beta=2$ up to logarithmic factors. Furthermore, we validated the effectiveness of our policy through a comprehensive numerical study using real-world click-through rate data.