Connectivity based Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training in Youth with a History of Major Depressive Disorder

TL;DR

This study explores the use of connectivity-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback targeting amygdala-prefrontal cortex connectivity to improve emotion regulation in youth with a history of major depressive disorder, showing promising preliminary results.

Contribution

It introduces a novel connectivity-based neurofeedback approach focusing on amygdala-prefrontal connectivity in MDD, comparing effects between healthy controls and affected youth.

Findings

Decreased amygdala-prefrontal connectivity in MDD group across training

Increased frontal cortex activation in healthy controls during training

Reduction in negative affect scores after neurofeedback in all participants

Abstract

Background: Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) has proven to be a powerful technique to help subjects to gauge and enhance emotional control. Traditionally, rtfMRI-nf has focused on emotional regulation through self-regulation of amygdala. Recently, rtfMRI studies have observed that regulation of a target brain region is accompanied by connectivity changes beyond the target region. Therefore, the aim of present study is to investigate the use of connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal regions as the target of neurofeedback training in healthy individuals and subjects with a life-time history of major depressive disorder (MDD) performing an emotion regulation task. Method: Ten remitted MDD subjects and twelve healthy controls (HC) performed an emotion regulation task in 4 runs of rtfMRI-nf training followed by one transfer run without neurofeedback conducted in a single session. The functional connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex was presented as a feedback bar concurrent with the emotion regulation task. Participants' emotional state was measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) prior to and following the rtfMRI-nf. Psychological assessments were used to determine subjects' history of depression. Results: Participants with a history of MDD showed a trend of decreasing functional connectivity across the four rtfMRI-nf runs, and there was a marginally significant interaction between the MDD history and number of training runs. The HC group showed a significant increase of frontal cortex activation between the second and third neurofeedback runs. Comparing PANAS scores before and after connectivity-based rtfMRI-nf, we observed a significant decrease in negative PANAS score in the whole group overall, and a significant decrease in positive PANAS score in the MDD group alone.