Nitrogen-enriched, highly-pressurized nebular clouds surrounding a super star cluster at cosmic noon

TL;DR

This study investigates a young, massive super star cluster at cosmic noon, revealing highly pressurized, nitrogen-enriched nebular clouds surrounding it, with implications for star formation and globular cluster evolution.

Contribution

It provides a detailed physical model of a super star cluster and its surrounding nebula, highlighting high-pressure clouds and nitrogen enrichment, a novel insight into early cluster environments.

Findings

Cluster is less than 4 Myr old and extremely massive (~10^7 solar masses)

Surrounding clouds are highly pressurized (~10^9 K cm^-3) and contain significant neutral hydrogen

Detected nitrogen enrichment suggests retention of ejecta from massive stars

Abstract

Strong lensing offers a precious opportunity for studying the formation and early evolution of super star clusters that are rare in our cosmic backyard. The Sunburst Arc, a lensed Cosmic Noon galaxy, hosts a young super star cluster with escaping Lyman continuum radiation. Analyzing archival HST images and emission line data from VLT/MUSE and X-shooter, we construct a physical model for the cluster and its surrounding photoionized nebula. We confirm that the cluster is $\lesssim4\,$Myr old, is extremely massive $M_\star \sim 10^7\,M_\odot$ and yet has a central component as compact as several parsecs, and we find a gas-phase metallicity $Z=(0.22\pm0.03)\,Z_\odot$. The cluster is surrounded by $\gtrsim 10^5\,M_\odot$ of dense clouds that have been pressurized to $P\sim 10^9\,{\rm K}\,{\rm cm}^{-3}$ by perhaps stellar radiation at within ten parsecs. These should have large neutral columns $N_{\rm HI} > 10^{22.5}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}$ to survive rapid ejection by radiation pressure. The clouds are likely dusty as they show gas-phase depletion of silicon, and may be conducive to secondary star formation if $N_{\rm HI} > 10^{24}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}$ or if they sink further toward the cluster center. Detecting strong ${\rm N III]}\lambda\lambda$1750,1752, we infer heavy nitrogen enrichment $\log({\rm N/O})=-0.21^{+0.10}_{-0.11}$. This requires efficiently retaining $\gtrsim 500\,M_\odot$ of nitrogen in the high-pressure clouds from massive stars heavier than $60\,M_\odot$ up to 4 Myr. We suggest a physical origin of the high-pressure clouds from partial or complete condensation of slow massive star ejecta, which may have important implication for the puzzle of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters.