Strongly proper connected coloring of graphs

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new variant of connected graph coloring called strongly proper connected coloring, establishing bounds for 2-connected graphs and exploring related nonrepetitive colorings, with implications for graph theory and sequence properties.

Contribution

The paper defines and analyzes strongly proper connected coloring, providing upper bounds for 2-connected graphs and exploring related nonrepetitive colorings with new theoretical results.

Findings

spc(G) ≤ 5 for any 2-connected graph G

Existence of 2-connected graphs with arbitrarily large girth and spc(G) ≥ 4

Graphs with cycle lengths divisible by 3 have spc(G) ≤ 3

Abstract

We study a new variant of \emph{connected coloring} of graphs based on the concept of \emph{strong} edge coloring (every color class forms an \emph{induced} matching). In particular, an edge-colored path is \emph{strongly proper} if its color sequence does not contain identical terms within a distance of at most two. A \emph{strong proper connected} coloring of $G$ is the one in which every pair of vertices is joined by at least one strongly proper path. Let spc($G$) denote the least number of colors needed for such coloring of a graph $G$. We prove that the upper bound spc($G$)$\leq${5} holds for any $2$-connected graph $G$. On the other hand, we demonstrate that there are $2$-connected graphs with arbitrarily large girth satisfying spc($G$)$\geq${4}. Additionally, we prove that graphs whose cycle lengths are divisible by $3$ satisfy spc($G$)$\leq{3}$. We also consider briefly other connected colorings defined by various restrictions on color sequences of connecting paths. For instance, in a \emph{nonrepetitive connected coloring} of $G$, every pair of vertices should be joined by a path whose color sequence is \emph{nonrepetitive}, that is, it does not contain two adjacent identical blocks. We demonstrate that $2$-connected graphs are $15$-colorable while $4$-connected graphs are $6$-colorable, in the connected nonrepetitive sense. A similar conclusion with a finite upper bound on the number of colors holds for a much wider variety of connected colorings corresponding to fairly general properties of sequences. We end the paper with some open problems of concrete and general nature.