An LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO) for 2030s

TL;DR

This paper presents a detailed design and R&D plan for a new Vertex Locator (VELO) for the LHCb detector upgrade in the 2030s, focusing on handling increased data rates, radiation, and precision timing.

Contribution

It introduces a novel 4D hybrid silicon pixel VELO design with advanced sensor and ASIC technologies, optimized for high luminosity and radiation conditions.

Findings

Simulations constrain impact parameter resolution to Upgrade I levels.

Two design scenarios with different radii and fluence tolerances are proposed.

Review of sensor technologies and cooling methods for future VELO implementation.

Abstract

The Upgrade II of the LHCb detector, foreseen for 2031, will operate at an instantaneous luminosity of 1.5 x 10$^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$, accumulating a sample of more than 300 fb$^{-1}$. To cope with the estimated pile-up of 42 and 200 charged particle tracks per event, precise timing will be added to the tracking and vertexing sub-systems. A new Vertex Locator (VELO), capable to manage the expected 7.5-fold increase in data rate, occupancy, and radiation fluence is needed. Based on a 4D hybrid silicon pixel technology, with enhanced rate and timing capabilities on the ASIC, the new VELO will allow for precise beauty & charm hadron identification and real time pattern recognition. Through detailed simulations, the fluence, inner radius, material budget and pixel size phase space are explored, while constraining the Impact Parameter (IP) resolution to the Upgrade I value. Two distinct scenarios emerge as starting points for further optimizations, with inner radii and end of life fluence of 5.1 mm at 6 x 10$^{16}$ n$_{eq}$/cm$^{2}$ and 12.5 mm at 8 x 10$^{15}$ n$_{eq}$/cm$^{2}$ respectively. Advances and current R&D on sensor technologies, including LGADs, 3Ds and planar pixels are reviewed, focusing on radiation hard designs and defect engineering. ASIC related requirements with respect to sensor capacitance and power budget are taken into consideration for achieving the 30 ps per hit timing target towards the future 28 nm protype submission. Improvements in cooling, mechanics and vacuum implementations are examined with respect to each layout scenario. The use of bi-phasic Krypton cooling is evaluated as an option for the case of above 1.5 W/cm$^{2}$ power dissipation. Replaceable sensor modules, coupled with 3D printed titanium supports are also under consideration. Finally, a comprehensive R&D schedule towards final design optimization within a six-year period is discussed.