Few-Shot Learning Enables Population-Scale Analysis of Leaf Traits in Populus trichocarpa

TL;DR

This paper introduces a few-shot learning approach using CNNs for rapid, accurate plant leaf trait analysis at population scale, significantly reducing the need for extensive training data and manual processing.

Contribution

The work presents a novel few-shot learning method that segments leaf traits from raw images without pre-processing, enabling large-scale phenotyping with minimal training samples.

Findings

Achieved accurate segmentation with as few as eight training images.

Validated traits with physical measurements and identified associated genes.

Provided a large, publicly available dataset for further research.

Abstract

Plant phenotyping is typically a time-consuming and expensive endeavor, requiring large groups of researchers to meticulously measure biologically relevant plant traits, and is the main bottleneck in understanding plant adaptation and the genetic architecture underlying complex traits at population scale. In this work, we address these challenges by leveraging few-shot learning with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to segment the leaf body and visible venation of 2,906 P. trichocarpa leaf images obtained in the field. In contrast to previous methods, our approach (i) does not require experimental or image pre-processing, (ii) uses the raw RGB images at full resolution, and (iii) requires very few samples for training (e.g., just eight images for vein segmentation). Traits relating to leaf morphology and vein topology are extracted from the resulting segmentations using traditional open-source image-processing tools, validated using real-world physical measurements, and used to conduct a genome-wide association study to identify genes controlling the traits. In this way, the current work is designed to provide the plant phenotyping community with (i) methods for fast and accurate image-based feature extraction that require minimal training data, and (ii) a new population-scale data set, including 68 different leaf phenotypes, for domain scientists and machine learning researchers. All of the few-shot learning code, data, and results are made publicly available.