Discovering the Traces of Disinformation on Instagram in the Internet Archive

TL;DR

This study investigates the accessibility and quality of archived Instagram disinformation content, revealing that most archived pages are incomplete or redirects, with replayability decreasing over recent years, especially for anti-vaccine accounts.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the limitations of web archives in capturing Instagram disinformation content, highlighting challenges in studying deleted or removed posts.

Findings

96.13% of mementos redirect to login page

Only 27.16% of remaining mementos have complete post images

Replayability of archived content is decreasing over time, notably in 2021-2022

Abstract

Disinformation, which is fabricated, misleading content spread with the intent to deceive others, is accumulating substantial engagements and reaching a vast audience on Instagram. However, the temporary nature of the platform and the security guidelines that remove malicious content make studying this disinformation a challenge. The only way to access removed content and banned accounts that are no longer on the live web is by searching the web archives. In this study, we set out to quantify the replayability and quality of past captures of Instagram account pages, specifically focusing on a group of anti-vaxx content creators known as the Disinformation Dozen. We found that the number of mementos listed for these users' account pages on the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine can be misleading, because a majority of the mementos are actually redirections to the Instagram login page, and of the remaining replayable mementos, many are missing post images. In fact, 96.13% of mementos from the Disinformation Dozen accounts redirect to the login page, and only 27.16% of the remaining replayable mementos contain every post image. Combined, these results reveal that merely 1.05% of mementos for the Disinformation Dozen accounts are replayable with complete post images. Furthermore, we found that the percentage of replayable mementos is decreasing over time, with a particular lack of replayable mementos for the years 2021 and 2022.