Transverse orbital angular momentum of spatiotemporal optical vortices

TL;DR

This paper investigates the transverse orbital angular momentum of spatiotemporal optical vortices, revealing their intrinsic and extrinsic components, and clarifies how their OAM is transported and conserved during propagation.

Contribution

It introduces a precise formula for the intrinsic transverse OAM per photon of STOVs and clarifies misconceptions from previous formulas, especially regarding symmetry and conservation.

Findings

Intrinsic transverse OAM per photon is γl/2ω₀ for elliptically symmetric STOVs.

The previously proposed formula for intrinsic transverse OAM can diverge and is not conserved.

STOVs preserve intrinsic transverse OAM despite phase singularity splitting or symmetry loss.

Abstract

Spatiotemporal optical vortices (STOVs) are electromagnetic wave packets that transport a phase line singularity perpendicular to their propagation direction. We address the problem of the transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM) ``per photon" actually transported by STOVs propagating in free space or non-dispersive media, the most frequent experimental situation. Unlike longitudinal vortices in monochromatic light beams, STOVs do not carry any net transverse OAM about a fixed transverse axis crossing its center. However, STOVs transport an intrinsic transverse OAM per photon about a moving, transverse axis through its center, and an opposite extrinsic transverse OAM. Their applications would thus preclude setting particles at rest into rotation, but STOVs could transmit their intrinsic transverse OAM to photons of other waves. The intrinsic transverse OAM per photon of an elliptically symmetric STOV of frequency $\omega_0$ and topological charge $l$ is $\gamma l/2\omega_0$, where $\gamma$ is the STOV ellipticity. Thus circularly symmetric STOVs ($\gamma=1$) carry half the intrinsic longitudinal OAM of circularly symmetric monochromatic light beams with a vortex of the same $l$ and $\omega_0$. We show that the formula $(\gamma+1/\gamma)l/2\omega_0$ for the intrinsic transverse OAM in Phys. Rev. A 107, L031501 (2023) yields infinite values and is not conserved on propagation for a particular STOV. When STOVs lose their elliptical symmetry upon propagation, they preserve the intrinsic transverse OAM $\gamma l/2\omega_0$ despite the phase singularity may split, the split singularities may disappear, or even change the sign of their topological charges.