The imprint of convection on Type I X-ray bursts: Pauses in photospheric radius expansion lightcurves

TL;DR

This paper investigates how convection influences the shape of Type I X-ray burst lightcurves, especially the pauses during photospheric radius expansion, using simulations to connect convection dynamics with observable features.

Contribution

It demonstrates that convection and mixing at the H/He interface are crucial for modeling burst lightcurves and interprets observed pauses in terms of convective processes.

Findings

Pauses in lightcurves are linked to convection-driven ejection of outer layers.

The shape of the lightcurve depends on the efficiency of mixing at the H/He interface.

Strong mixing scenarios are favored by observational data from SAX J1808.4-3658.

Abstract

Motivated by the recent observation by NICER of a type I X-ray burst from SAX J1808.4-3658 with a distinct "pause" feature during its rise (Bult et al. 2019), we show that bursts which ignite in a helium layer underneath a hydrogen-rich shell naturally give rise to such pauses, as long as enough energy is produced to eject the outer layers of the envelope by super-Eddington winds. The length of the pause is determined by the extent of the convection generated after ignition, while the rate of change of luminosity following the pause is set by the hydrogen gradient left behind by convection. Using the MESA stellar evolution code, we simulate the accumulation, nuclear burning and convective mixing prior to and throughout the ignition of the burst, followed by the hydrodynamic wind. We show that the results are sensitive to the treatment of convection adopted within the code. In particular, the efficiency of mixing at the H/He interface plays a key role in determining the shape of the lightcurve. The data from SAX J1808.4-3658 favors strong mixing scenarios. Multidimensional simulations will be needed to properly model the interaction between convection and nuclear burning during these bursts, which will then enable a new way to use X-ray burst lightcurves to study neutron star surfaces.