Tidal Distortions as a Bottleneck on Constraining Exoplanet Compositions

TL;DR

This paper investigates how tidal distortions in short-period exoplanets can bias density measurements, showing that improved observational precision will make accounting for these effects essential for accurate exoplanet composition analysis.

Contribution

It extends previous work by deriving an analytic approximation for tidal density deviations and highlights the increasing importance of tidal effects with improved observational accuracy.

Findings

Tidal effects cause >10% density variations in 5 planets.

Reducing measurement errors makes tidal effects dominate density uncertainties in >40% of cases.

Eight specific planets may have density estimates biased by up to 4σ due to tides.

Abstract

Improvements in the number of confirmed planets and the precision of observations imply a need to better understand subtle effects that may bias interpretations of exoplanet observations. One such effect is the distortion of a short period planet by its host star, affecting its derived density. We extend the work of Burton et al., Correia, and others, using a gravitational potential formulation to a sample of nearly 200 planets with periods less than 3 days. We find five planets exhibiting density variations of >10% and as many as 20 planets with deviations >5%. We derive an analytic approximation for this deviation as a function of the orbital period, transit depth, and mass ratio between the planet and host star, allowing for rapid determination of such tidal effects. We find that current density error bars are typically larger than tidal deviations but that reducing the uncertainty on transit depth and radial velocity (RV) amplitude by a factor of 3 causes tidal effects to dominate density errors (>50%) in >40% of planets in our sample, implying that in the near future upgraded observational precision will cause shape deviations to become a bottleneck with regards to analysis of exoplanet compositions. These two parameters are found to dominate uncertainties compared to errors on stellar mass and radius. We identify a group of eight planets (including WASP-19 b, HAT-P-7 b, and WASP-12 b) for which current density uncertainties are as much as 4x smaller than the potential shift due to tides, implying a possible 4{\sigma} bias on their density estimates.