Ergodicity Breaking Under Confinement in Cold-Atom Quantum Simulators

TL;DR

This paper explores how confinement influences ergodicity in a 1+1D quantum electrodynamics model simulated with cold atoms, revealing phases of ergodic, integrable, and fragmented dynamics with experimental relevance.

Contribution

It maps a gauge theory onto a PXP model, uncovering the interplay between confinement and ergodicity-breaking phenomena like many-body scarring and Hilbert-space fragmentation.

Findings

Identification of ergodic, integrable, and fragmented phases in the model.

Discovery of resonances leading to effective models within the fragmented phase.

Proposals for experimental detection in cold-atom quantum simulators.

Abstract

The quantum simulation of gauge theories on synthetic quantum matter devices has gained a lot of traction in the last decade, making possible the observation of a range of exotic quantum many-body phenomena. In this work, we consider the spin-$1/2$ quantum link formulation of $1+1$D quantum electrodynamics with a topological $\theta$-angle, which can be used to tune a confinement-deconfinement transition. Exactly mapping this system onto a PXP model with mass and staggered magnetization terms, we show an intriguing interplay between confinement and the ergodicity-breaking paradigms of quantum many-body scarring and Hilbert-space fragmentation. We map out the rich dynamical phase diagram of this model, finding an ergodic phase at small values of the mass $\mu$ and confining potential $\chi$, an emergent integrable phase for large $\mu$, and a fragmented phase for large values of both parameters. We also show that the latter hosts resonances that lead to a vast array of effective models. We propose experimental probes of our findings, which can be directly accessed in current cold-atom setups.