The transience and persistence of high optical polarization state in beamed radio quasars

TL;DR

This study investigates the long-term stability of high optical polarization states in flat-spectrum radio quasars, revealing that most quasars maintain their blazar state over decades despite frequent short-term polarization swings.

Contribution

First to verify, using extensive opto-polarimetric data, that blazar states in quasars persist for at least several decades despite frequent year-scale polarization transitions.

Findings

Approximately 90% of quasars in blazar state in recent data were also in that state 30 years earlier.

About 25% of quasars transitioned between polarization states within a year.

Long-term blazar state persistence occurs despite short-term polarization variability.

Abstract

We examine the long-term stability (on decade-like time scales) of optical `high polarization' (HP) state with $p_{opt}$ $> 3\%$, which commonly occurs in flat-spectrum (i.e., beamed) radio quasars (FSRQs) and is a prominent marker of blazar state. Using this clue, roughly a quarter of the FSRQ population has been reported to undergo HP $\leftrightarrow$ non-HP state transition on year-like time scales. This work examines the extent to which HP (i.e., blazar) state can endure in a FSRQ, despite these `frequent' state transitions. This is the first attempt to verify, using purely opto-polarimetric data for a much enlarged sample of blazars, the recent curious finding that blazar state in individual quasars persists for {\it at least} a few decades, despite its changing/swinging observed fairly commonly on year-like time scales. The present analysis is based on a well-defined sample of 83 radio quasars, extracted from the opto-polarimetric survey RoboPol (2013-17), for which old opto-polarimetric data taken prior to 1990 could be found in the literature. By a source-wise comparison of these two datasets of the same observable ($p_{opt}$), we find that $\sim$ 90% of the 63 quasars found in blazar state in our RoboPol sample, were also observed to be in that state about 3 decades before. On the other hand, within the RoboPol survey itself, we find that roughly a quarter of the blazars in our sample migrated to the other polarization state on year-like time scales, by crossing the customary $p_{opt}$ = 3% threshold. Evidently, these relatively frequent transitions (in either direction) do not curtail the propensity of a radio quasar to retain its blazar (i.e., HP) state for at least a few decades. The observed transitions/swings of polarization state are probably manifestation of transient processes, like ejections of synchrotron plasma blobs (VLBI radio knots) from the active nucleus.