The Bending of C$_3$: Experimentally Probing the $l$-type Doubling and Resonance

TL;DR

This study combines high-resolution optical and infrared spectroscopy to analyze the bending mode of C$_3$, providing accurate energy levels and spectroscopic data to enhance interstellar detection and understanding of this molecule in various astronomical environments.

Contribution

The paper presents comprehensive spectroscopic analysis of C$_3$'s bending mode using combined optical and infrared data, improving the accuracy of its energy levels and aiding interstellar searches.

Findings

Determined accurate rotational parameters for C$_3$ involving the bending mode.

Identified hot bands involving up to 5 quanta of excitation in the bending mode.

Provided spectroscopic data enabling new interstellar detection of C$_3$.

Abstract

C$_3$, a pure carbon chain molecule that has been identified in different astronomical environments, is considered a good probe of kinetic temperatures through observation of transitions involving its low-lying bending mode ($\nu_2$) in its ground electronic state. The present laboratory work aims to investigate this bending mode with multiple quanta of excitation by combining recordings of high resolution optical and infrared spectra of C$_3$ produced in discharge experiments. The optical spectra of rovibronic (A $^1\Pi_u -$ X $^1\Sigma_g^+$) transitions have been recorded by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy using a single longitude mode optical parametric oscillator as narrow bandwidth laser source at the University of Science and Technology of China. 36 bands originating from X(0$v_2$0), $v_2 = 0-5$, are assigned. The mid-infrared spectrum of the rovibrational $\nu_3$ band has been recorded by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy using a globar source on the AILES beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. The spectrum reveals hot bands involving up to 5 quanta of excitation in $\nu_2$. From combining analyses of all the presently recorded spectra and literature data, accurate rotational parameters and absolute energy levels of C$_3$, in particular for states involving the bending mode, are determined. A single PGOPHER file containing all available data involving the X and A states (literature and present study) is used to fit all the data. The spectroscopic information derived from this work enables new interstellar searches for C$_3$, not only in the infrared and optical regions investigated here but also notably in the $\nu_2$ band region (around 63 cm$^{-1}$) where vibrational satellites can now be accurately predicted. This makes C$_3$ a universal diagnostic tool to study very different astronomical environments, from dark and dense to translucent clouds.