Closed field line vortices in planetary magnetospheres

TL;DR

This paper proposes and provides evidence for a third magnetospheric region with twisted vortex structures on closed field lines, observed in Saturn's magnetosphere, which alters the typical plasma circulation patterns.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of closed field line vortices in planetary magnetospheres and presents observational evidence from Cassini data for Saturn.

Findings

Vortex structures form when plasma sources are significant and plasmoid formation is slow.

Vortices cause the Dungey cycle to behave differently, with limited polar cap penetration.

Cassini data shows plasma whirling in vortices in Saturn's magnetotail.

Abstract

In a rotation-dominated magnetosphere, there is a region where closed field lines rotate around the planet, and also a region where the open field lines stretch away from the planet, forming the lobes of the magnetotail. This paper shows that there could be a third, significantly different region, where the closed field lines form twisted vortex structures anchored in the magnetotail. Such patterns form when there are significant plasma sources inside the magnetosphere and the time scale of the plasmoid formation process is substantially larger than the planetary rotation period. In the presence of vortices, the Dungey and Vasyliunas cycles act differently. The Dungey flow does not penetrate the central region of the polar cap. Tail reconnection events are rare, thus leaving the plasma time enough to participate in the essentially 3-dimensional vortex-forming plasma motion. The above conditions are fulfilled for Saturn. We discovered vortex-like patterns in the plasma and magnetic field data measured by the Cassini spacecraft in the nightside magnetosphere of Saturn. The plasma whirling around in these vortices never reaches the dayside, instead, it performs a retrograde motion in the high latitude regions of the magnetotail. Low-energy plasma data suggest that the observed patterns correspond to the closed field line vortices.