Analysis of a hadron beam in five-dimensional phase space

TL;DR

This paper presents detailed five-dimensional phase space measurements of a hadron beam, introduces new analysis techniques, and demonstrates the inadequacy of low-dimensional projections for characterizing complex high-dimensional distributions.

Contribution

It develops advanced analysis and visualization methods for high-dimensional phase space, enabling better understanding of hadron beam features.

Findings

High-resolution imaging of five-dimensional phase space features

Development of non-planar slicing visualization techniques

Low-dimensional projections are insufficient for accurate characterization

Abstract

We conduct a detailed measurement and analysis of a hadron beam in five-dimensional phase space at the Spallation Neutron Source Beam Test Facility. The measurement's resolution and dynamic range are sufficient to image sharp, high-dimensional features in low-density regions of phase space. To facilitate the complex task of feature identification in the five-dimensional phase space, we develop several analysis and visualization techniques, including non-planar slicing. We use these techniques to examine the transverse dependence of longitudinal hollowing and longitudinal dependence of transverse hollowing in the distribution. This analysis strengthens the claim that low-dimensional projections do not adequately characterize high-dimensional phase space distributions in low-energy hadron accelerators