Unbound stars hold the key to young star cluster history

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that unbound stars in young star clusters, often overlooked, are crucial for understanding the clusters' initial conditions and dynamic history, especially through backtracking their trajectories.

Contribution

It shows that unbound stars contain vital information about cluster formation and evolution, and proposes backtracking unbound stars as a method to recover initial cluster properties.

Findings

Unbound stars help trace the original cluster size.

Distance and velocity cutoffs often produce false positives/negatives.

Backtracking unbound stars reveals cluster's gas expulsion timing.

Abstract

Aims. GAIA delivers the positions and velocities of stars at unprecedented precision. Therefore, for star clusters, there exists much higher confidence in whether a specific star is a member of a particular group. However, membership determination is still challenging for young star clusters. At ages 2-10 Myr, the gas is expelled, leading to cluster expansion, while many former members become unbound. We aim to assess the accuracy of the methods used to distinguish between bound and unbound cluster members. After identifying the most suitable technique, we wish to understand which of the two populations provides more insights into the initial configuration and the dynamic history of a cluster. Methods. Here, we perform N-body simulations of the dynamics of such young star clusters. We investigate how cluster dynamics and observational limitations affect the recovered information about the cluster from a theoretical perspective. Results. We find that the much-used method of distance and velocity cutoffs for membership determination often leads to false negatives and positives alike. Often observational studies focus on the stars remaining bound. However, they quickly lose the memory of the pre-gas expulsion phase due to interactions with other cluster members. Our study shows that the unbound stars hold the key to charting a cluster's dynamic history. Backtracking unbound stars can provide the original cluster size and determine the time of gas expulsion. This information is lost in the bound population. In addition, former members are often better indicators for disc lifetimes or initial binary fractions. We apply the backtracking analysis, with varying success, to the clusters: Upper Scorpius and NGC 6530. For highly substructured clusters such as Upper Scorpius, backtracking to the individual subcluster centres will provide better results in the future (abridged).