Improve Efficiency of Doubly Robust Estimator when Propensity Score is Misspecified

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new estimator called PAD that improves the efficiency of doubly robust methods in causal inference, especially under propensity score misspecification, by reducing variance while maintaining robustness.

Contribution

The paper proposes the PAD estimator, which reduces variance under propensity score misspecification while preserving double robustness, through calibrated covariate adjustments and a restricted weighted least squares approach.

Findings

PAD estimator achieves lower asymptotic variance than standard DR when PS is misspecified.

Simulation studies show PAD significantly reduces estimation variance under misspecification.

Application to survey data demonstrates PAD's practical effectiveness in causal effect estimation.

Abstract

Doubly robust (DR) estimation is a crucial technique in causal inference and missing data problems. We propose a novel Propensity score Augmentved Doubly robust (PAD) estimator to enhance the commonly used DR estimator for average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), or equivalently, the mean of the outcome under covariate shift. Our proposed estimator attains a lower asymptotic variance than the conventional DR estimator when the propensity score (PS) model is misspecified and the outcome regression (OR) model is correct while maintaining the double robustness property that it is valid when either the PS or OR model is correct. These are realized by introducing some properly calibrated adjustment covariates to linearly augment the PS model and solving a restricted weighted least square (RWLS) problem to minimize the variance of the augmented estimator. Both the asymptotic analysis and simulation studies demonstrate that PAD can significantly reduce the estimation variance compared to the standard DR estimator when the PS model is wrong and the OR is correct, and maintain close performance to DR when the PS model is correct. We further applied our method to study the effects of eligibility for 401(k) plan on the improvement of net total financial assets using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation of 1991.