Optimizing Floquet engineering for non-equilibrium steady states with gradient-based methods

TL;DR

This paper introduces a gradient-based computational method to optimize periodic driving fields in quantum systems, aiming to control non-equilibrium steady states for desired properties, demonstrated on a nitrogen-vacancy center model.

Contribution

It presents a novel optimization approach for Floquet engineering targeting non-equilibrium steady states with specific metrics, extending control to dissipative quantum systems.

Findings

Method successfully maximizes observable averages in steady states.

Can prepare states forbidden in thermal equilibrium.

Applicable to realistic quantum systems like NV centers.

Abstract

Non-equilibrium steady states are created when a periodically driven quantum system is also incoherently interacting with an environment -- as it is the case in most realistic situations. The notion of Floquet engineering refers to the manipulation of the properties of systems under periodic perturbations. Although it more frequently refers to the coherent states of isolated systems (or to the transient phase for states that are weakly coupled to the environment), it may sometimes be of more interest to consider the final steady states that are reached after decoherence and dissipation take place. In this work, we propose a computational method to find the multicolor periodic perturbations that lead to the final steady states that are optimal with respect to a given predefined metric, such as for example the maximization of the temporal average value of some observable. We exemplify the concept using a simple model for the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond: the goal in this case is to find the driving periodic magnetic field that maximizes a time-averaged spin component. We show that, for example, this technique permits to prepare states whose spin values are forbidden in thermal equilibrium at any temperature.