Unsupervised High Impedance Fault Detection Using Autoencoder and Principal Component Analysis

TL;DR

This paper introduces an unsupervised method for detecting high impedance faults in power distribution networks using autoencoders and PCA, which outperforms existing commercial solutions without requiring fault data for training.

Contribution

It presents a novel unsupervised detection framework based on autoencoder and PCA that effectively identifies HIFs by monitoring waveform correlation changes, overcoming data scarcity issues.

Findings

Outperforms commercial HIF detection methods in accuracy.

Maintains high security with low false alarms during normal loads.

Validated on real distribution system data.

Abstract

Detection of high impedance faults (HIF) has been one of the biggest challenges in the power distribution network. The low current magnitude and diverse characteristics of HIFs make them difficult to be detected by over-current relays. Recently, data-driven methods based on machine learning models are gaining popularity in HIF detection due to their capability to learn complex patterns from data. Most machine learning-based detection methods adopt supervised learning techniques to distinguish HIFs from normal load conditions by performing classifications, which rely on a large amount of data collected during HIF. However, measurements of HIF are difficult to acquire in the real world. As a result, the reliability and generalization of the classification methods are limited when the load profiles and faults are not present in the training data. Consequently, this paper proposes an unsupervised HIF detection framework using the autoencoder and principal component analysis-based monitoring techniques. The proposed fault detection method detects the HIF by monitoring the changes in correlation structure within the current waveforms that are different from the normal loads. The performance of the proposed HIF detection method is tested using real data collected from a 4.16 kV distribution system and compared with results from a commercially available solution for HIF detection. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the commercially available HIF detection technique while maintaining high security by not falsely detecting during load conditions.