A Generic Topological Criterion for Flat Bands in Two Dimensions

TL;DR

This paper develops a topological criterion using a field theory approach to identify and analyze flat bands in two-dimensional materials, including twisted bilayer graphene, revealing conditions for their existence and effects of magnetic fields.

Contribution

It introduces a universal topological criterion based on a field theory and index theorem for predicting flat bands in 2D materials, extending to non-Abelian fields and magnetic effects.

Findings

Flat bands are linked to an effective dimensional reduction and chiral anomaly.

Non-Abelian spin fields can fully flatten bands by adjusting flux configurations.

Magnetic fields split flat bands into field-dependent magic angles.

Abstract

We show that the continuum limit of moir\'e graphene is described by a $(2+1)$-dimensional field theory of Dirac fermions coupled to two classical vector fields: a periodic gauge and spin field. We further show that the existence of a flat band implies an effective dimensional reduction, where the time dimension is ``removed.'' The resulting two-dimensional Euclidean theory contains the chiral anomaly. The associated Atiyah-Singer index theorem provides a self-consistency condition for flat bands. In the Abelian limit, where the spin field is disregarded, we reproduce a periodic series of quantized magic angles known to exist in twisted bilayer graphene in the chiral limit. However, the results are not exact. If the Abelian field has zero total flux, perfectly flat bands can not exist, because of the leakage of edge states into neighboring triangular patches with opposite field orientations. We demonstrate that the non-Abelian spin component can correct this and completely flatten the bands via an effective renormalization of the Abelian component into a configuration with a non-zero total flux. We present the Abelianization of the theory where the Abelianized flat band can be mapped to that of the lowest Landau level. We show that the Abelianization corrects the values of the magic angles consistent with numerical results. We also use this criterion to prove that an external magnetic field splits the series into pairs of magnetic field-dependent magic angles associated with flat moir\'e-Landau bands. The topological criterion and the Abelianization procedure provide a generic practical method for finding flat bands in a variety of material systems including but not limited to moir\'e bilayers.