Revealing Excited States of Rotational Bose-Einstein Condensates

TL;DR

This paper systematically studies the excited states of rotational Bose-Einstein condensates, revealing various excitation mechanisms and how ground states evolve with rotational frequency using advanced computational methods.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive analysis of excited states and excitation mechanisms in rotational Bose-Einstein condensates using the constrained high-index saddle dynamics method.

Findings

Identified four excitation mechanisms: vortex addition, rearrangement, merging, splitting.

Mapped the evolution of ground state stability with increasing rotational frequency.

Constructed solution landscapes revealing connections between excited states.

Abstract

Rotational Bose-Einstein condensates can exhibit quantized vortices as topological excitations. In this study, the ground and excited states of the rotational Bose-Einstein condensates are systematically studied by calculating the stationary points of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. Various excited states and their connections at different rotational frequencies are revealed in solution landscapes constructed with the constrained high-index saddle dynamics method. Four excitation mechanisms are identified: vortex addition, rearrangement, merging, and splitting. We demonstrate changes in the ground state with increasing rotational frequencies and decipher the evolution of the stability of ground states.