Islands in Proliferating de Sitter Spaces

TL;DR

This paper investigates the quantum effects and black hole dynamics in a two-dimensional de Sitter universe, revealing how black holes form, evaporate, and influence the structure of multiple disjoint de Sitter regions using the island formula.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of black hole evaporation and island formation in a proliferating de Sitter space with quantum back-reaction effects included.

Findings

Black holes are generated from pure de Sitter space via quantum effects.

The island moves towards the apparent horizon as temperature increases.

Multiple islands are suggested for multiple evaporating black holes.

Abstract

We study two-dimensional de Sitter universe which evolves and proliferates according to the Ginsparg-Perry-Bousso-Hawking mechanism, using Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity coupled to conformal matter. Black holes are generated by quantum gravity effects from pure de Sitter space and then evaporate to yield multiple disjoint de Sitter spaces. The back-reaction from the matter CFT is taken into account for the dilaton as a function of the temperature of the CFT. We discuss the evaporation of black holes and calculate the finite temperature entropy of an inflating region using the island formula. We find that the island moves towards the apparent horizon of the black hole as the temperature increases. The results are applied to the case of multiple evaporating black holes, for which we suggest multiple islands.