Multiflagellarity leads to the size-independent swimming speed of peritrichous bacteria

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that the swimming speed of peritrichous bacteria like E. coli is independent of their size due to collective flagellar dynamics, challenging previous assumptions about size-speed relations.

Contribution

It reveals how multiple flagella coordinate to regulate motor load and maintain constant swimming speed regardless of bacterial size, resolving a long-standing controversy.

Findings

Swimming speed of E. coli is size-independent.

Flagellar load sharing enables faster rotation in longer bacteria.

Collective flagellar dynamics compensate for increased drag.

Abstract

To swim through a viscous fluid, a flagellated bacterium must overcome the fluid drag on its body by rotating a flagellum or a bundle of multiple flagella. Because the drag increases with the size of bacteria, it is expected theoretically that the swimming speed of a bacterium inversely correlates with its body length. Nevertheless, despite extensive research, the fundamental size-speed relation of flagellated bacteria remains unclear with different experiments reporting conflicting results. Here, by critically reviewing the existing evidence and synergizing our own experiments of large sample sizes, hydrodynamic modeling and simulations, we demonstrate that the average swimming speed of \textit{Escherichia coli}, a premier model of peritrichous bacteria, is independent of their body length. Our quantitative analysis shows that such a counterintuitive relation is the consequence of the collective flagellar dynamics dictated by the linear correlation between the body length and the number of flagella of bacteria. Notably, our study reveals how bacteria utilize the increasing number of flagella to regulate the flagellar motor load. The collective load sharing among multiple flagella results in a lower load on each flagellar motor and therefore faster flagellar rotation, which compensates for the higher fluid drag on the longer bodies of bacteria. Without this balancing mechanism, the swimming speed of monotrichous bacteria generically decreases with increasing body length, a feature limiting the size variation of the bacteria. Altogether, our study resolves a long-standing controversy over the size-speed relation of flagellated bacteria and provides new insights into the functional benefit of multiflagellarity in bacteria.