Foliated Plateau problems and asymptotic counting of surface subgroups

TL;DR

This paper explores the asymptotic counting of surface subgroups in 3-manifolds using $k$-surfaces, establishing bounds and rigidity results through a new foliated Plateau problem approach.

Contribution

It extends previous work by considering all quasi-Fuchsian subgroups and introduces a novel method to prove rigidity via foliated Plateau problems.

Findings

Established a lower bound for surface subgroup counts.

Proved rigidity when the bound is achieved.

Developed new constructions and conjectures in $k$-surface dynamics.

Abstract

In [17], Labourie initiated the study of the dynamical properties of the space of $k$-surfaces, that is, suitably complete immersed surfaces of constant extrinsic curvature in $3$-dimensional manifolds, which he presented as a higher-dimensional analogue of the geodesic flow when the ambient manifold is negatively curved. In this paper, following the recent work [5] of Calegari--Marques--Neves, we study the asymptotic counting of surface subgroups in terms of areas of $k$-surfaces. We determine a lower bound, and we prove rigidity when this bound is achieved. Our work differs from that of [5] in two key respects. Firstly, we work with all quasi-Fuchsian subgroups as opposed to merely asymptotically Fuchsian ones. Secondly, as the proof of rigidity in [5] breaks down in the present case, we require a different approach. Following ideas outlined by Labourie in [19], we prove rigidity by solving a general foliated Plateau problem in Cartan--Hadamard manifolds. To this end, we build on Labourie's theory of $k$-surface dynamics, and propose a number of new constructions, conjectures and questions.