A population of faint, old, and massive quiescent galaxies at 3 < z < 4 revealed by JWST NIRSpec Spectroscopy

TL;DR

This study identifies and characterizes a population of massive, quiescent galaxies at redshifts 3 to 4 using JWST spectroscopy, revealing their early formation and long quiescent phases in the early universe.

Contribution

First spectroscopic confirmation of a population of massive, quiescent galaxies at z=3-4 with detailed analysis of their formation histories and quenching timescales.

Findings

All galaxies are massive ($ ext{0.1-1.2} imes 10^{11} M_igodot$).

Oldest galaxy formed $ ext{~1.0} imes 10^{11} M_igodot$ early and quenched over a billion years before observation.

Galaxies show diverse quenching timescales and ages.

Abstract

Here we present a sample of 12 massive quiescent galaxy candidates at z~3-4 observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). These galaxies were pre-selected from the Hubble Space Telescope imaging and 10 of our sources were unable to be spectroscopically confirmed by ground based spectroscopy. By combining spectroscopic data from NIRSpec with multi-wavelength imaging data from the JWST Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), we analyse their stellar populations and their formation histories. We find that all of our galaxies classify as quiescent based on the reconstruction of their star formation histories but show a variety of quenching timescales and ages. All our galaxies are massive ($\sim0.1-1.2 \times 10^{11} M\odot$), with masses comparable to massive galaxies in the local Universe. We find that the oldest galaxy in our sample formed $\sim1.0\times10^{11} M\odot$ of mass within the first few hundred million years of the Universe and has been quenched for more than a billion years by the time of observation at z$\sim$3.2 ($\sim$2 billion years after the Big Bang). Our results point to very early formation of massive galaxies requiring a high conversion rate of baryons to stars in the early Universe.