How wavelength affects the hydrodynamic performance of two accelerating mirror-symmetric slender swimmers

TL;DR

This study numerically investigates how wavelength, Strouhal number, and Reynolds number influence the hydrodynamic performance of two mirror-symmetric swimmers, revealing optimal conditions for thrust and efficiency and identifying key flow structures.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive numerical analysis of how wavelength affects hydrodynamic performance in paired swimmers, with new insights into flow structures and optimal parameters.

Findings

Thrust increases with wavelength and Strouhal number.

Mirror-symmetric schooling can produce over ten times the thrust of a single swimmer.

Maximum efficiency occurs at specific Strouhal number and wavelength, with distinct flow patterns.

Abstract

Fish schools are capable of simultaneous linear acceleration. To reveal the underlying hydrodynamic mechanism, we numerically investigate how Reynolds number $ Re = 1000 - 2000 $, Strouhal number $ St = 0.2 - 0.7 $ and wavelength $ \lambda = 0.5 - 2 $ affect the mean net thrust and net propulsive efficiency of two side-by-side hydrofoils undulating in anti-phase. In total, $ 550 $ cases are simulated using immersed boundary method. The thrust increases significantly with wavelength and Strouhal number, yet only slightly with the Reynolds number. We apply a symbolic regression algorithm to formulate this relationship. Furthermore, we find that mirror-symmetric schooling can achieve a \textit{net} thrust more than ten times that of a single swimmer, especially at low Reynolds numbers. The highest efficiency is obtained at $ St = 0.5 $ and $ \lambda = 1.2 $, where $ St $ is consistent with that observed in the linear-accelerating natural swimmers, \eg Crevalle jack. Six distinct flow structures are identified. The highest thrust corresponds to an asymmetric flow pattern, whereas the highest efficiency occurs when the flow is symmetric with converging vortex streets.