Tests of general relativity in the nonlinear regime: a parametrized plunge-merger-ringdown gravitational waveform model

TL;DR

This paper develops a parametrized gravitational waveform model to test deviations from general relativity during the nonlinear plunge-merger-ringdown phase of binary black hole coalescence, highlighting the importance of waveform systematics.

Contribution

It introduces a new waveform model allowing deviations in key features of the merger stage, enabling more robust tests of gravity theories using gravitational wave data.

Findings

Deviations in peak amplitude and frequency can be constrained to about 20% with GW150914.

GW200129_065458 shows a strong apparent violation of general relativity, likely due to systematics.

The model helps identify potential waveform systematics and data issues affecting gravity tests.

Abstract

The plunge-merger stage of the binary-black hole coalescence, when the bodies' velocities reach a large fraction of the speed of light and the gravitational-wave luminosity peaks, provides a unique opportunity to probe gravity in the dynamical and nonlinear regime. How much do the predictions of general relativity differ from the ones in other theories of gravity for this stage of the binary evolution? To address this question, we develop a parametrized waveform model, within the effective-one-body formalism, that allows for deviations from general relativity in the plunge-merger-ringdown stage. As first step, we focus on nonprecessing-spin, quasicircular black hole binaries. In comparison to previous works, for each gravitational wave mode, our model can modify, with respect to general-relativistic predictions, the instant at which the amplitude peaks, the instantaneous frequency at this time instant, and the value of the peak amplitude. We use this waveform model to explore several questions considering both synthetic-data injections and two gravitational wave signals. In particular, we find that deviations from the peak gravitational wave amplitude and instantaneous frequency can be constrained to about $20\%$ with GW150914. Alarmingly, we find that GW200129_065458 shows a strong violation of general relativity. We interpret this result as a false violation, either due to waveform systematics (mismodeling of spin precession) or due to data-quality issues depending on one's interpretation of this event. This illustrates the use of parametrized waveform models as tools to investigate systematic errors in plain general relativity. The results with GW200129_065458 also vividly demonstrate the importance of waveform systematics and of glitch mitigation procedures when interpreting tests of general relativity with current gravitational wave observations.