Nonlinear acoustic characterization of heterogeneous plasticity in bent aluminium samples

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that nonlinear acoustic Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) can detect heterogeneous plastic deformation and dislocation density in aluminium samples, providing a sensitive, non-destructive bulk characterization method validated by FEM and XRD.

Contribution

It introduces the use of nonlinear SHG acoustic measurements to detect plastic deformation zones and dislocation densities in metallic samples, advancing non-destructive internal stress analysis.

Findings

SHG is sensitive to plastic deformation zones in aluminium.

Nonlinear acoustic parameters correlate with dislocation density.

Results align with FEM simulations and XRD measurements.

Abstract

Knowledge of the state of plastic deformation in metallic structures is vital to prevent failure. This is why non-destructive acoustic tests based on the measurement of first order elastic constants have been developed and intensively used. However, plastic deformations, which are usually heterogeneous in space, may be invisible to these methods if the variation of the elastic constants is too small. In recent years, digital image correlation techniques, based on measurements carried out at the surface of a sample, have been successfully used in conjunction with finite element modeling to gain information about plastic deformation in the sample interior. Acoustic waves can penetrate deep into a sample and offer the possibility of probing into the bulk of a plastically deformed material. Previously, we have demonstrated that nonlinear acoustic methods are far more sensitive to changes in dislocation density than linear ones. Here, we show that the nonlinear Second Harmonic Generation method (SHG) is sensitive enough to detect different zones of von Mises stress as well as effective plastic strain in centimeter-size aluminium pieces. This is achieved by way of ultrasonic measurements on a sample that has undergone a three-point bending test. Because of the relatively low stress and small deformations, the sample undergoes plastic deformation by dislocation proliferation. Thus, we conclude that the nonlinear parameter measured by SHG is also sensitive to dislocation density. Our experimental results agree with numerical results obtained by Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling. We also support the acoustic results by X-Ray Diffraction measurements (XRD). Although intrusive and less accurate, they also agree with the acoustic measurements and plastic deformations in finite element simulations.