Characteristics of partially filled Helmholtz resonators

TL;DR

This study develops a technique to measure the resonance characteristics of Helmholtz resonators filled with various granular materials, revealing how particle size and material type affect resonance behavior and sound penetration.

Contribution

It introduces a new measurement method for resonance curves in partially filled Helmholtz resonators and demonstrates sound penetration in different granular fillings.

Findings

Resonance frequency and half-width vary with particle size.

Sound penetrates interstitial spaces between beads and sand.

Resonance behavior is similar across different granular fillings.

Abstract

In this work we have developed a technique for the measurement of the resonance curve of Helmholtz resonators as a function of filling with beads and sands of different sizes, and water as the reference. Our measurements allowed us to observe very different behaviors of resonance frequencies and resonance half-widths as a function of the size of the sand grains and the beads. By comparing results for beads and water we were able to prove that the sound penetrates the interstitial space between the beads. This was confirmed by measurements of the resonance properties in resonators filled with spherical beads whose experimentally determined filling factor is close to the random filling factor of about 0.54. The similar behavior of the frequency and half-width of resonance of sand-filled resonators of three different sizes allowed us to suggest that sound penetrates the sand in the same way as it does the beads.