Symmetries of non-linear ODEs: lambda extensions of the Ising correlations

TL;DR

This paper explores the lambda-extensions of Ising model correlation functions, revealing their algebraic, D-finite, and differentially algebraic properties, and discusses the potential for discovering new Painlevé-type ODEs.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of lambda-extensions for Ising correlations and analyzes their properties, including algebraicity, D-finiteness, and differential algebraicity, highlighting new structures and open challenges.

Findings

Lambda-extensions can be algebraic functions for certain lambda values.

They are D-finite (polynomials in elliptic integrals) for rational lambda values.

Power series are generally differentially algebraic and can be globally bounded.

Abstract

This paper provides several illustrations of the numerous remarkable properties of the lambda-extensions of the two-point correlation functions of the Ising model, sheding some light on the non-linear ODEs of the Painlev\'e type. We first show that this concept also exists for the factors of the two-point correlation functions focusing, for pedagogical reasons, on two examples namely C(0,5) and C(2,5) at $\nu = -k$. We then display, in a learn-by-example approach, some of the puzzling properties and structures of these lambda-extensions: for an infinite set of (algebraic) values of $ \lambda$ these power series become algebraic functions, and for a finite set of (rational) values of lambda they become D-finite functions, more precisely polynomials (of different degrees) in the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind K and E. For generic values of $ \lambda$ these power series are not D-finite, they are differentially algebraic. For an infinite number of other (rational) values of $ \lambda$ these power series are globally bounded series, thus providing an example of an infinite number of globally bounded differentially algebraic series. Finally, taking the example of a product of two diagonal two-point correlation functions, we suggest that many more families of non-linear ODEs of the Painlev\'e type remain to be discovered on the two-dimensional Ising model, as well as their structures, and in particular their associated lambda extensions. The question of their possible reduction, after complicated transformations, to Okamoto sigma forms of Painlev\'e VI remains an extremely difficult challenge.