Real-time Curative Actions for Power Systems via Online Feedback Optimization

TL;DR

This paper proposes using Online Feedback Optimization to compute real-time curative actions in power systems, enhancing grid security after contingencies amid increasing renewable integration and decentralized energy sources.

Contribution

It introduces a novel application of OFO for real-time curative actions, addressing the challenges of dynamic grid states and decentralized control.

Findings

OFO effectively reduces voltage differences post-contingency.

The method enables real-time, adaptive curative actions.

Discussion on stability and robustness issues.

Abstract

Curative or remedial actions are the set of immediate actions intended to bring the power grid to a safe operating point after a contingency. The effectiveness of these actions is essential to guarantee curative N-1 security. Nowadays, curative actions are derived ahead of time, based on the anticipated future grid state. Due to the shift from steady to volatile energy resources, the grid state will frequently change and the curative actions would need to be pre-planned increasingly often. Furthermore, with the shift from large bulk production to many small decentralized energy sources more devices need to be actuated simultaneously to achieve the same outcome. Instead of pre-planning, we propose to calculate these complex curative actions in real-time after the occurrence of a contingency. We show how the method of Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) is well suited for this task. As a preliminary demonstration of these capabilities, we use an (OFO) controller, that after a fault, reduces the voltage difference over a breaker to enable the operators to reclose it. This test case is inspired by the 2003 Swiss-Italian blackout, which was caused by a relatively minor incident followed by ineffective curative actions. Finally, we identify and discuss some open questions, including closed-loop stability and robustness to model mismatch.