Indecomposable solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation of square-free cardinality

TL;DR

This paper classifies indecomposable involutive solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation with square-free cardinality, showing they are multipermutation solutions of level at most n and characterizing their associated brace structures.

Contribution

It proves that such solutions are multipermutation of level ≤ n, solves a key open problem, and extends understanding of the structure of solutions with square-free size.

Findings

Indecomposable solutions are multipermutation solutions of level ≤ n.

Only prime divisors of the solution's permutation group are the primes in the cardinality.

Constructs solutions of any multipermutation level n for square-free cardinalities.

Abstract

Indecomposable involutive non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions $(X,r)$ of the Yang-Baxter equation of cardinality $p_1\cdots p_n$, for different prime numbers $p_1,\ldots, p_n$, are studied. It is proved that they are multipermutation solutions of level $\leq n$. In particular, there is no simple solution of a non-prime square-free cardinality. This solves a problem stated in [F. Ced\'o, J. Okni\'nski, Constructing finite simple solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation, Adv. Math. 391 (2021), 107968] and provides a far reaching extension of several earlier results on indecomposability of solutions. The proofs are based on a detailed study of the brace structure on the permutation group $\mathcal G(X,r)$ associated to such a solution. It is proved that $p_1,\ldots, p_n$ are the only primes dividing the order of $\mathcal{G}(X,r)$. Moreover, the Sylow $p_i$-subgroups of $\mathcal{G}(X,r)$ are elementary abelian $p_i$-groups and if $P_i$ denotes the Sylow $p_i$-subgroup of the additive group of the left brace $\mathcal{G}(X,r)$, then there exists a permutation $\sigma\in S_n$ such that $P_{\sigma(1)}, \, P_{\sigma(1)}P_{\sigma(2)}, \dots , P_{\sigma(1)}P_{\sigma(2)}\cdots P_{\sigma(n)}$ are ideals of the left brace $\mathcal{G}(X,r)$ and $\mathcal{G}(X,r)=P_1P_2\cdots P_n$. In addition, indecomposable solutions of cardinality $p_1\cdots p_n$ that are multipermutation of level $n$ are constructed, for every nonnegative integer $n$.