Evaluation of the mean excitation energy of gaseous and liquid argon

TL;DR

This paper calculates and recommends the mean excitation energy of gaseous and liquid argon, crucial for particle stopping power estimates in experiments, using a combination of experimental data and oscillator strength calculations.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed calculation of argon's I-value from oscillator strength data and offers updated recommended values for gaseous and liquid argon.

Findings

Gaseous argon I-value: (187 ± 5) eV from oscillator strength data.

Recommended gaseous argon I-value: (187 ± 4) eV.

Recommended liquid argon I-value: (197 ± 7) eV.

Abstract

Current and future experiments need to know the stopping power of liquid argon. It is used directly in calibration, where commonly the minimum-ionizing portion of muon tracks is used as a standard candle. Similarly, muon range is used as a measure of muon energy. More broadly, the stopping power figures into the simulation of all charged particles, and so uncertainty propagates widely throughout data analysis of all sorts. The main parameter that controls stopping power is the mean excitation energy, or I-value. Direct experimental information for argon's I-value come primarily from measurements of gaseous argon, with a very limited amount of information from solid argon, and none from liquid argon. A powerful source of indirect information is also available from oscillator strength distribution calculations. We perform a new calculation and find that from oscillator strength information alone, the I-value of gaseous argon is $(187\pm 5)$\,eV. In combination with the direct measurements and other calculations, we recommend $(187\pm 4)$\,eV for gaseous argon. For liquid argon, we evaluate the difference in central value and uncertainty incurred by the difference of phase and recommend $(197\pm 7)$\,eV. All uncertainties are given to 68\% C.L.