Probing the cold neutral medium through HI emission morphology with the scattering transform

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that the morphology of HI emission, analyzed through the scattering transform, can predict the cold neutral medium content without relying on absorption data, revealing a physical link between structure and phase.

Contribution

First to use solely HI emission spatial information and scattering transform to probe CNM content, enhancing phase structure analysis without absorption measurements.

Findings

HI emission morphology correlates with CNM fraction.

Small-scale linearity in HI structures predicts higher CNM content.

HI filamentary structures are associated with increased CNM.

Abstract

Neutral hydrogen (HI) emission exhibits complex morphology that encodes rich information about the physics of the interstellar medium (ISM). We apply the scattering transform (ST) to characterize HI emission structure via a set of compact and interpretable coefficients, and find a connection between HI emission morphology and HI cold neutral medium (CNM) phase content. Where HI absorption measurements are unavailable, the HI phase structure is typically estimated from the emission via spectral line decomposition. Here we present the first probe of CNM content using measures solely derived from HI emission spatial information. We apply the scattering transform to GALFA-HI data at high Galactic latitudes (|b|>30 deg), and compare the resulting coefficients to CNM fraction measurements derived from archival HI emission and absorption spectra. We quantify the correlation between the ST coefficients and measured CNM fraction (fCNM), and find that HI emission morphology encodes substantial fCNM-correlating information, and that ST-based metrics for small-scale linearity are particularly predictive of fCNM. This is further corroborated by the enhancement of $I_{857}/N_{HI}$ ratio with larger ST measures of small-scale linearity. These results are consistent with the picture that regions with higher CNM content are more populated with small-scale filamentary HI structures. Our work illustrates a physical connection between HI morphology and phase content, and suggests that future phase decomposition methods can be improved by making use of both HI spectral and spatial information.