$H$-$\phi$ formulation in Sparselizard combined with domain decomposition methods for modeling superconducting tapes, stacks, and twisted wires

TL;DR

This paper introduces an efficient $H$-$\phi$ formulation combined with domain decomposition in Sparselizard for modeling large superconducting systems, significantly reducing computation time while maintaining accuracy.

Contribution

It extends the $H$-$\phi$ formulation to 2D and 3D superconducting problems and demonstrates its effectiveness with domain decomposition for large-scale simulations.

Findings

Reduced computation time compared to standard methods

Accurate modeling of superconducting tapes and twisted wires

Effective parallelization using domain decomposition

Abstract

The growing interest in the modeling of superconductors has led to the development of effective numerical methods and software. One of the most utilized approaches for magnetoquasistatic simulations in applied superconductivity is the $H$ formulation. However, due to the large number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) present when modeling large and complex systems (e.g. large coils for fusion applications, electrical machines, and medical applications) using the standard $H$ formulation on a desktop machine becomes infeasible. The $H$ formulation solves the Faraday's law formulated in terms of the magnetic field intensity $\mathbf{H}$ using edge elements in the whole modeling domain. For this reason, a very high resistivity is assumed for the non-conducting domains, leading to an ill-conditioned system matrix and therefore long computation times. In contrast, the $H$-$\phi$ formulation uses the $H$ formulation in the conducting region, and the $\phi$ formulation (magnetic scalar potential) in the surrounding non-conducting domains, drastically reducing DOFs and computation time. In this work, we use the $H$-$\phi$ formulation in 2D for the magnetothermal (AC losses and quench) analysis of stacks of REBCO tapes. The same approach is extended to a 3D case for the AC loss analysis of a twisted superconducting wire. All the results obtained by simulations in Sparselizard are compared with results obtained with COMSOL. Our custom tool allows us to distribute the simulations over hundreds of CPUs using domain decomposition methods, considerably reducing the simulation times without compromising accuracy.