The $\mathcal{X}$-series of a $p$-group and complements of abelian subgroups

TL;DR

This paper introduces and studies a new series of subgroups in p-groups, revealing how their intersections with abelian subgroups relate to the existence of complements, advancing understanding of subgroup structure.

Contribution

The paper defines a novel subgroup series $\

Findings

If an abelian subgroup intersects the series subgroups at corresponding levels, it has a complement.

Subgroups with normal complements satisfy $\\mathcal{X}_i(H) = \mathcal{X}_i(G) \cap H$.

The series provides insights into subgroup complement structure in p-groups.

Abstract

Let $G$ be a $p$-group. We denote by $\mathcal{X}_i(G)$ the intersection of all subgroups of $G$ having index $p^i$, for $i \leq \log_p(|G|)$. In this paper, the newly introduced series $\{\mathcal{X}_i(G)\}_i$ is investigated and a number of results concerning its behaviour are proved. As an application of these results, we show that if an abelian subgroup $A$ of $G$ intersects each one of the subgroups $\mathcal{X}_i(G)$ at $\mathcal{X}_i(A)$, then $A$ has a complement in $G$. Conversely if an arbitrary subgroup $H$ of $G$ has a normal complement, then $\mathcal{X}_i(H) = \mathcal{X}_i(G) \cap H$.