Detection of brain activations induced by naturalistic stimuli in a pseudo model-driven way

TL;DR

This paper introduces a pseudo model-driven method for detecting stimulus-induced brain activations in naturalistic fMRI data, enabling analysis of individual differences related to sex and IQ with high sensitivity and specificity.

Contribution

The study proposes a novel pseudo model-driven approach to detect brain activations induced by naturalistic stimuli, improving sensitivity to individual differences.

Findings

AINS can differentiate sex and IQ differences in brain activation patterns.

Activations in visual-spatial regions are stronger in males.

Higher IQ correlates with stronger activations in visual and default mode networks.

Abstract

Naturalistic fMRI has been suggested to be a powerful alternative for investigations of human brain function. Stimulus-induced activation has been playing an essential role in fMRI-based brain function analyses. Due to the complexity of the stimuli, however, detection of activations induced by naturalistic stimuli (AINSs) has been a tricky problem, as AINS cannot be detected simply in a model-driven way. In this study, we proposed a method to detect AINS in a pseudo model-driven way. Inspired by the strategy of utilizing the commonalities among the brains exposed to the same stimuli for inter-subject correlation analysis, we established response models for one subject by averaging the fMRI signals across several other subjects, and then detected AINSs of the subject using general linear model. We evaluated the effectiveness of AINS with both statistical and predictive analyses on individual differences in sex and intelligence quotient (IQ), based on the four movie fMRI runs included in the Human Connectome Project dataset. The results indicate that AINS is not only sensitive to sex- and IQ-related differences, but also specific enough to decode individuals' sex and IQ. Specifically, activations in brain regions associated with visual-spatial processing were observed to be consistently stronger in the males, and individuals with higher IQ exhibited consistently stronger activations in regions within the visual and the default mode networks. Predictions of individuals' sex and IQ were significantly better than those based on random labels (P < 0.005). Taken together, AINS advanced in this study can be an effective evaluation of human brain function. The conceptual simplicity and easy application of its detection may make AINS a favorable choice for future brain function analyses and personalized medicine based on naturalistic fMRI.