Multi-collision internal shock lepto-hadronic models for energetic GRBs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the radiative signatures of cosmic-ray protons in energetic GRBs using a multi-collision internal shock model, exploring their potential to explain UHECRs while satisfying observational constraints.

Contribution

It introduces a multi-collision internal shock framework with time-dependent spectra to analyze hadronic signatures and baryonic loading limits in energetic GRBs.

Findings

Hadronic signatures correlate with optical-UV to TeV gamma-ray flux increases in synchrotron scenarios.

Baryonic loadings around 10 do not distort photon spectra in the Fermi-GBM range.

Large collision radii allow energetic GRBs to be plausible UHECR sources without conflicting with neutrino constraints.

Abstract

For a sub-population of energetic Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), a moderate baryonic loading may suffice to power Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs). Motivated by this, we study the radiative signatures of cosmic-ray protons in the prompt phase of energetic GRBs. Our framework is the internal shock model with multi-collision descriptions of the relativistic ejecta (with different emission regions along the jet), plus time-dependent calculations of photon and neutrino spectra. Our GRB prototypes are motivated by {\em Fermi}-LAT detected GRBs (including GRB~221009A) for which further, owing to the large energy flux, neutrino non-observation of single events may pose a strong limit on the baryonic loading. We study the feedback of protons on electromagnetic spectra in synchrotron- and inverse Compton-dominated scenarios to identify the multi-wavelength signatures, to constrain the maximally allowed baryonic loading, and to point out the differences between hadronic and inverse Compton signatures. We find that hadronic signatures appear as correlated flux increases in the optical-UV to soft X-ray and GeV to TeV gamma-ray ranges in the synchrotron scenarios, whereas they are difficult to identify in inverse Compton-dominated scenarios. We demonstrate that baryonic loadings around 10, which satisfy the UHECR energetic requirements, do not distort the predicted photon spectra in the {\em Fermi}-GBM range and are consistent with constraints from neutrino data if the collision radii are large enough (i.e., the time variability is not too short). It therefore seems plausible that under the condition of large dissipation radii a population of energetic GRBs can be the origin of the UHECRs.