$\mathbb Z_2$ spin liquids in the higher spin-$S$ Kitaev honeycomb model: An exact deconfined $\mathbb Z_2$ gauge structure in a non-integrable model

TL;DR

This paper reveals that higher spin Kitaev honeycomb models possess an exact $$ gauge flux structure similar to the spin-1/2 case, with fermionic gauge charges for half-integer spins indicating persistent spin liquid states.

Contribution

It introduces a Majorana parton construction for general spin-$S$, establishing the $$ gauge flux interpretation and uncovering an even-odd spin effect on gauge charge statistics.

Findings

$$ gauge fluxes are conserved quantities in higher spin Kitaev models.

Half-integer spins have fermionic gauge charges, integer spins have bosonic charges.

Fermionic gauge charges are always deconfined, implying persistent spin liquid states.

Abstract

The higher spin Kitaev model prominently features the extensive locally conserved quantities the same as the spin-$1/2$ Kitaev honeycomb model, although it is not exactly solvable. It remains an open question regarding the physical meaning of these conserved quantities in the higher spin model. In this Letter, by introducing a Majorana parton construction for a general spin-$S$ we uncover that these conserved quantities are exactly the $\mathbb Z_2$ gauge fluxes in the general spin-$S$ model, including the case of spin-$1/2$. Particularly, we find an even-odd effect that the $\mathbb Z_2$ gauge charges are fermions in the half integer spin model, but are bosons in the integer spin model. We further prove that the fermionic $\mathbb Z_2$ gauge charges are always deconfined; hence the half integer spin Kitaev model would have non-trivial spin liquid ground states regardless of interaction strengths in the Hamiltonian. The bosonic $\mathbb Z_2$ gauge charges of the integer spin model, on the other hand, could condense, leading to a trivial product state, and this is indeed the case at the anisotropic limit of the model.