A numerical study on the role of instabilities on multi-wavelength emission signatures of blazar jets

TL;DR

This study uses advanced RMHD simulations to explore how MHD instabilities and shocks influence the multi-wavelength emission and variability of blazar jets, revealing key mechanisms behind observed flaring and spectral transitions.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive 3D simulation framework incorporating radiative losses, particle acceleration, and external Compton processes to analyze blazar jet emissions.

Findings

Shocks from instabilities cause high-energy flaring.

Spectral flattening during shocks affects SEDs.

Transition from synchrotron to EC dominance in X-ray emission.

Abstract

Blazars, a class of active galaxies whose jets are relativistic and collimated flows of plasma directed along the line of sight and are prone to a slew of magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities. We aim to study the interplay of radiation and particle acceleration processes in regulating the multi-band emission and variability signatures from blazars. In particular, the goal is to decipher the impact of shocks arising due to MHD instabilities in driving the longterm variable emission signatures from blazars. In this regard, we have performed RMHD simulations of a representative section of blazar jet. The jet is evolved using a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian framework to account for radiative losses due to synchrotron process and particle acceleration due to shocks. Additionally, we have incorporated and validated radiative losses due to the external Compton (EC) process that are relevant for blazars. We have further compared the effects of different radiation mechanisms through numerical simulation of 2D slab jet as a validation test. Finally, we have carried out a parametric study to quantify the effect of magnetic fields and external radiation field characteristics by performing 3D simulations of a plasma column. The synthetic light curves and spectral energy distribution (SEDs) are analysed to qualitatively understand the impact of instability driven shocks. We observe that shocks produced with the evolution of instabilities give rise to flaring signatures in the high energy band. The impact of such shocks is also evident from the instantaneous flattening of the synchrotron component of the SEDs. At later stages, we observe the transition in X-ray emission from the synchrotron process to that dominated by EC. The inclusion of the EC process also gives rise to gamma-ray emission and shows signatures of mild Compton dominance as typically seen in Low Synchrotron Peaked blazars.