Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation. II.: Comprehensive Study of Nitrogen Photochemistry and Implications for Observing NH3 and HCN in Transmission and Emission Spectra

TL;DR

This study uses photochemical models and spectral analysis to evaluate how nitrogen-bearing molecules like NH3 and HCN can reveal the formation history of giant exoplanets, emphasizing the importance of temperature and age.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of nitrogen photochemistry across various planetary conditions and offers spectral predictions for JWST observations to infer atmospheric nitrogen content.

Findings

NH3 abundance correlates with bulk nitrogen only in old, less massive planets.

Optimal detection of NH3 occurs in planets with temperatures between 400-1000 K.

NH3 spectral features are detectable with JWST, aiding in understanding planet formation.

Abstract

Atmospheric nitrogen may provide important constraints on giant planet formation. Following our semi-analytical work (Ohno & Fortney 2022), we further pursue the relation between observable NH3 and an atmosphere's bulk nitrogen abundance by applying the photochemical kinetics model VULCAN across planetary equilibrium temperature, mass, age, eddy diffusion coefficient, atmospheric composition, and stellar spectral type. We confirm that the quenched NH3 abundance coincides with the bulk nitrogen abundance only at sub-Jupiter mass (< 1MJ) planets and old ages (> 1 Gyr) for solar composition atmospheres, highlighting important caveats for inferring atmospheric nitrogen abundances. Our semi-analytical model reproduces the quenched NH3 abundance computed by VULCAN and thus helps to infer the bulk nitrogen abundance from a retrieved NH3 abundance. By computing transmission and emission spectra, we predict that the equilibrium temperature range of 400--1000 K is optimal for detecting NH3 because NH3 depletion by thermochemistry and photochemistry is significant at hotter planets whereas entire spectral features become weak at colder planets. For Jupiter-mass planets around Sun-like stars in this temperature range, NH3 leaves observable signatures of $\sim$ 50 ppm at 1.5, 2.1, and 11 $\rm {\mu}m$ in transmission spectra and > 300--100 ppm at 6 $\rm {\mu}m$ and 11 $\rm {\mu}m$ in emission spectra. The photodissociation of NH3 leads HCN to replace NH3 at low pressures. However, the low HCN column densities lead to much weaker absorption features than for NH3. The NH3 features are readily accessible to JWST observations to constrain atmospheric nitrogen abundances, which may open a new avenue to understand the formation processes of giant exoplanets.