Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation. I.: A Universal Deep Adiabatic Profile and Semi-analytical Predictions of Disequilibrium Ammonia Abundances in Warm Exoplanetary Atmospheres

TL;DR

This study develops a semi-analytical model of deep atmospheric temperature-pressure profiles for warm exoplanets, enabling better interpretation of nitrogen-based spectroscopic data to infer planetary formation conditions.

Contribution

It introduces a universal deep adiabat model and semi-analytical predictions for disequilibrium ammonia abundances in warm exoplanet atmospheres, advancing nitrogen chemistry diagnostics.

Findings

Deep atmospheres share a universal adiabat across a wide temperature range.

Quenched NH3 abundance closely matches bulk nitrogen only in low-temperature, low-mass planets.

High metallicity atmospheres cause NH3 to underestimate bulk nitrogen across most planetary parameters.

Abstract

A major motivation of spectroscopic observations of giant exoplanets is to unveil planet formation processes from atmospheric compositions. Several recent studies suggested that atmospheric nitrogen, like carbon and oxygen, can provide important constrains on planetary formation environments. Since nitrogen chemistry can be far from thermochemical equilibrium in warm atmospheres, we extensively investigate under what conditions, and with what assumptions, the observable NH3 abundances can diagnose an atmosphere's bulk nitrogen abundance. In the first paper of this series, we investigate atmospheric T-P profiles across equilibrium temperature, surface gravity, intrinsic temperature, atmospheric metallicity, and C/O ratio using a 1D radiative-convective equilibrium model. Models with the same intrinsic temperature and surface gravity coincide with a shared "universal" adiabat in the deep atmosphere, across a wide equilibrium temperature range (250--1200 K), which is not seen in hotter or cooler models. We explain this behavior in terms of the classic "radiative zero solution" and then establish a semi-analytical T-P profile of the deep atmospheres of warm exoplanets. This profile is then used to predict vertically quenched NH3 abundances. At solar metallicity, our results show that the quenched NH3 abundance only coincides with the bulk nitrogen abundance (within 10%) at low intrinsic temperature, corresponding to a planet with a sub-Jupiter mass (< 1 MJ) and old age (> 1 Gyr). If a planet has a high metallicity ($\ge$ 10$\times$ solar) atmosphere, the quenched NH3 abundance significantly underestimates the bulk nitrogen abundance at almost all planetary masses and ages. We suggest modeling and observational strategies to improve the assessment of bulk nitrogen from NH3.