Reconstructing the extended structure of multiple sources strongly lensed by the ultra-massive elliptical galaxy SDSS J0100+1818

TL;DR

This study uses strong lensing analysis to reconstruct the mass distribution of an ultra-massive galaxy and its background sources, revealing a concentrated baryonic core and a massive dark matter halo, with detailed source size measurements.

Contribution

It provides a detailed mass profile reconstruction of a very massive lens galaxy and its background sources, incorporating extended source modeling and systematic uncertainty analysis.

Findings

Total mass within Einstein radius: (9.1 ± 0.1) × 10^{12} M_⊙

Stellar-to-total mass fraction decreases from ~49% at the half-light radius to ~10% at 70 kpc

Background sources are resolved down to a few hundred parsecs.

Abstract

We study the total and baryonic mass distributions of the deflector SDSS J0100+1818 through a full strong lensing analysis. The system is composed by an ultra-massive early-type galaxy at $z=0.581$, with total stellar mass of $(1.5 \pm 0.3) 10^{12}$ M$_\odot$ and stellar velocity dispersion of ($450 \pm 40$) km s$^{-1}$, surrounded by ten multiple images of three background sources, two of which spectroscopically confirmed at $z=1.880$. We take advantage of high-resolution HST photometry and VLT/X-shooter spectroscopy to measure the positions of the multiple images and perform a strong lensing study with the software GLEE. We test different total mass profiles for the lens and model the background sources first as point-like and then as extended objects. We successfully predict the positions of the observed multiple images and reconstruct over approximately 7200 HST pixels the complex surface brightness distributions of the sources. We measure the cumulative total mass profile of the lens and find a total mass value of $(9.1 \pm 0.1) 10^{12}$ M$_\odot$, within the Einstein radius of approximately 42 kpc, and stellar-over-total mass fractions ranging from ($49 \pm 12$)%, at the half-light radius ($R_e = 9.3$ kpc) of the lens galaxy, to ($10 \pm 2$)%, in the outer regions ($R = 70$kpc). These results suggest that the baryonic mass component of SDSS J0100+1818 is very concentrated in its core and that the lens early-type galaxy/group is immersed in a massive dark matter halo. This is consistent with what found in other ultra-high mass candidates at intermediate redshift. We measure also the physical sizes of the distant sources, resolving them down to a few hundreds of parsec. Finally, we quantify and discuss a relevant source of systematic uncertainties on the reconstructed sizes of background galaxies, associated to the adopted lens total mass model.