Covariant Lyapunov Vectors and Finite-Time Normal Modes for Geophysical Fluid Dynamical Systems

TL;DR

This paper explores the relationships between various dynamical vectors in geophysical fluid models, establishing their properties, convergence, and providing numerical methods for their calculation, with implications for predicting system instability.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive analysis of covariant Lyapunov vectors and finite-time normal modes, linking them to other vectors and establishing their properties in geophysical fluid systems.

Findings

CLVs and FTNMs are asymptotically convergent and phase-space independent.

Conditions for validity include ergodicity, boundedness, and non-singular matrices.

Numerical methods for leading CLVs are proposed.

Abstract

Dynamical vectors characterizing instability and applicable as ensemble perturbations for prediction with geophysical fluid dynamical models are analysed. The relationships between covariant Lyapunov vectors (CLVs), orthonormal Lyapunov vectors (OLVs), singular vectors (SVs), Floquet vectors and finite-time normal modes (FTNMs) are examined for periodic and aperiodic systems. In the phase-space of FTNM coefficients, SVs are found to equate with unit norm FTNMs at certain times. In the long-time limit, when SVs approach OLVs, the Oseledec theorem and the relationships between OLVs and CLVs are used to connect CLVs to FTNMs in this phase-space. The covariant properties of both the CLVs, and the FTNMs, together with their phase-space independence, and the norm independence of global Lyapunov exponents and FTNM growth rates, establishes their asymptotic convergence. Conditions on the dynamical systems for the validity of these results, particularly ergodicity, boundedness and non-singular FTNM characteristic matrix and propagator, are documented. Systems with nondegenerate OLVs, and with degenerate Lyapunov spectrum as is the rule in the presence of waves such as Rossby waves, are examined, and efficient numerical methods for the calculation of leading CLVs proposed. Norm independent finite-time versions of the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy production and Kaplan-Yorke dimension are presented.